1) Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 receiving cash earnings for employment in the 12 months preceding the survey by person who decides how wife’s cash earnings are used.
2) Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by whether she earned more, the same, or less than her husband.
Coverage:
Population base: Currently married women age 15-49 (IR file)
Time period: 12 months preceding the survey
Numerators:
1) Number of currently married women age 15-49 receiving cash earnings for employment in the 12 months preceding the survey distributed by person who decides how wife’s cash earnings are used:
a) mainly wife (v739 = 1)
b) wife and husband (v739 = 2)
c) mainly husband (v739 = 4)
d) other (v739 in 3,5)
e) missing (v739 = 9)
2) Number of currently married women age 15-49 receiving cash earnings for employment in the 12 months distributed by whether she earned more or less than her husband:
a) more (v746 = 1)
b) less (v746 = 2)
c) about the same (v746 = 3)
d) husband has no earnings (v746 = 4 or v743f = 7)
e) don’t know (v746 = 8)
f) missing (v746 = 9)
Denominator: Number of currently married women age 15-49 employed in the past 12 months who received cash earnings (v731 in 1:3 & v741 in 1,2)
Variables: IR file.
|
v502 |
Currently/formerly/never in union |
|
v731 |
Worked in last 12 months |
|
v739 |
Person who usually decides how to spend respondent's earnings |
|
v741 |
Type of earnings from respondent's work |
|
v743f |
Person who usually decides what to do with money husband earns |
|
v746 |
Respondent earns more than husband/partner |
|
v005 |
Women's sample weight |
Numerator divided by the denominator multiplied by 100.
Missing and “don’t know” responses on whether worked in last 12 months or whether paid in cash are excluded from both numerator and denominator. Missing and “don’t know” responses on how wife’s earnings are spent, or wife’s cash earnings compared with husband’s cash earnings are reported in separate categories in the percent distribution.
Employed women receiving cash earnings includes women who were paid in cash only and women paid in cash and kind.
There have been no significant changes over time in the questions that contribute to this indicator or the indicator.
Jennings, L., M. Na, M. Cherewick, M. Hindin, B. Mullany, and S. Ahmed. 2014. "Women’s empowerment and male involvement in antenatal care: analyses of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in selected African countries." BMC pregnancy and childbirth 14, no. 1: 297.
Buvinic, M., M. O'Donnell, J. C. Knowles, and S. Bourgault. 2020. Measuring Women's Economic Empowerment: A Compendium of Selected Tools. Washington, DC and London, UK: Data2X and Center for Global Development. https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/measuring-womens-economic-empowerment.pdf.
Laszlo, S., K. Grantham, E. Oskay, and T. Zhang. 2020. "Grappling with the Challenges of Measuring Women's Economic Empowerment in Intrahousehold Settings." World Development 132: 104959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104959.
DHS-8 Tabulation plan: Tables 15.2.1
API Indicator IDs:
EM_WERN_W_WIF, EM_WERN_W_JNT, EM_WERN_W_HUS, EM_WERN_W_OTH, EM_WERN_W_DKM EM_RERN_W_MOR, EM_RERN_W_LES, EM_RERN_W_SAM, EM_RERN_W_NON, EM_RERN_W_DKM
(API link, STATcompiler link)