1) Percentage of youngest children under age 2 who are living with the mother consuming specific types of liquids during the previous day or night, disaggregated by whether breastfeeding or not.
2) Percentage of youngest children under age 2 who are living with the mother consuming specific types of foods during the previous day or night, disaggregated by whether breastfeeding or not.
Coverage:
Population base: Youngest living child born in the 2 years preceding the survey living with the mother (KR file)
Time period: Previous day or night before the survey
Numerators:
Number of youngest children born in the 2 years preceding the survey who are living with their mother who consumed the specific liquids and foods, disaggregated by whether breastfeeding or not (m4 = 95):
Liquids:
1) Plain water (v409 = 1)
2) Infant formula (v411a = 1)
3) Any fresh, packaged, or powdered animal milk (v411 = 1)
4) Sweet/flavored fresh, packaged, or powdered animal milk (v411 = 1 and v411s = 1)
5) Any yogurt drinks (v413a = 1)
6) Sweet/flavored yogurt drinks (v413a = 1 and v413as = 1)
7) Any soy milk and nut milks (v413b = 1)
8) Sweet/flavored soy milk and nut milks (v413b = 1 and v413bs = 1)
9) Fruit juice and fruit-flavored drinks (v410 = 1)
10) Sodas, malt drinks, sports drinks, and energy drinks (v413d = 1)
11) Any tea, coffee, and herbal drinks (v410a = 1)
12) Sweetened tea, coffee, and herbal drinks (v410a = 1 and v410as = 1)
13) Clear broth and clear soup (v412c = 1)
14) Other liquids. (v413c = 1 or v413 = 1)
Solid or semi-solid foods:
1) Food made from grains (v414e = 1)
2) White/pale starchy roots, tubers, and plantains (v414f = 1)
3) Beans, peas, lentils, nuts, and seeds (v414o = 1 or v414c = 1)
4) Cheese and yogurt ((v414v = 1 and v413a ≠ 1) or v414p = 1)
5) Meat, fish, poultry, organ meats (v414m = 1 or v414b = 1 or v414h = 1 or v414n = 1)
6) Eggs (v414g = 1)
7) Vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables (v414i = 1 or v414j = 1 or v414k = 1)
8) Other fruits and vegetables (v414l = 1 or v414a = 1)
9) Insects and other small protein foods (v414d = 1)
10) Red palm oil (v414u = 1)
11) Sweet foods such as chocolates, candies, pastries, cakes, biscuits, ice cream, popsicles (v414r = 1)
12) Fried and salty foods such as chips, crisps, puffs, French fries, fried dough (v414t = 1)
13) Other solid or semisolid food (v414s = 1)
Denominators: Number of youngest children born in the 2 years preceding the survey living with the mother, disaggregated by whether breastfeeding or not (m4 = 95). See Calculation for the selection for the denominator
Variables: KR file.
|
caseid |
Case Identification |
|
b5 |
Child is alive |
|
b9 |
Child lives with whom |
|
b19 |
Current age of child in months (months since birth for dead children) |
|
m4 |
Duration of breastfeeding |
|
v409 |
Gave child plain water |
|
v410 |
Gave child juice |
|
v410a |
Gave child tea or coffee |
|
v410as |
Tea or coffee/herbal drink was sweetened |
|
v411 |
Gave child tinned, powdered or fresh milk |
|
v411s |
Tinned, powdered or fresh milk was sweetened |
|
v413 |
Gave child other liquid |
|
v413s |
Other liquid was sweetened |
|
v413a |
Gave child yogurt as a drink |
|
v413as |
Yogurt as a drink was sweetened |
|
v413b |
Gave child soy milk |
|
v413bs |
Soy milk was sweetened |
|
v413c |
Gave child chocolate flavored drink |
|
v413d |
Gave child sodas/malt/sports/energy drinks |
|
v414a |
Gave child any other vegetables |
|
v414b |
Gave child sausages, hot dogs, frankfurters, ham, bacon, salami, canned food |
|
v414c |
Gave child nuts, seeds |
|
v414d |
Gave child any insects |
|
v414e |
Gave child bread, noodles, other made from grains |
|
v414f |
Gave child potatoes, cassava, or other tubers |
|
v414g |
Gave child eggs |
|
v414h |
Gave child meat (beef, pork, lamb, chicken, etc) |
|
v414i |
Gave child pumpkin, carrots, squash (yellow or orange inside) |
|
v414j |
Gave child any dark green leafy vegetables |
|
v414k |
Gave child mangoes, papayas, other vitamin A fruits |
|
v414l |
Gave child any other fruits |
|
v414m |
Gave child liver, heart, other organs |
|
v414n |
Gave child fish or shellfish |
|
v414o |
Gave child food made from beans, peas, lentils, nuts |
|
v414p |
Gave child cheese, yogurt, other milk products |
|
v414r |
Gave child chocolates, sweets, candies, pastries, etc |
|
v414s |
Gave child other solid, semi-solid food |
|
v414t |
Gave child chips, crisps, french fries, fried dough, instant noodles |
|
v414u |
Gave child red palm oil |
|
v414v |
Gave child yogurt |
|
v414w |
Gave child common sentinel sweet food |
Based on DHS-8 standard questionnaires. Other variables may be needed if additional survey-specific liquids and foods are included.
Numerator divided by denominator, multiplied by 100.
Denominator:
To select the cases for the denominator, first filter or keep only living children living with the mother born in the preceding 24 months (keep/select if b19 < 24 & b9 = 0), then keep only the youngest child (keep/select if the first entry in the dataset (_n = 1) or the first for this respondent (caseid ≠ caseid[_n-1]) as the youngest child is the first listed for the respondent in the data file). The commands in Stata and SPSS are given below:
Stata |
|
* keep if under 24 months and living with mother keep if b19 < 24 & b9 == 0 * and keep the last born of those. * if caseid is the same as the prior case, then not the last born keep if _n == 1 | caseid != caseid[_n-1] |
SPSS |
|
* keep if under 24 months and living with mother. Select if (b19 < 24 & b9 = 0). * and keep the last born of those. * if caseid is the same as the prior case, then not the last born. Select if (caseid <> lag(caseid)). |
Breastfeeding: Missing values and “don’t know” assumed not breastfeeding.
Specific liquids and foods: Missing values and “don’t know” excluded from numerators in all percentages but included in denominators.
Country-specific liquids and foods may be added to each category. Percentages are based only on children living with their mother. Children living elsewhere are excluded from both the numerators and the denominators.
The groupings of types of foods have changed over time. Other milk, and cheese, yogurt or other milk product were previously combined. Fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin A, and other fruits and vegetables were previously grouped together. Meat, fish, shellfish and poultry, and eggs were also grouped together in earlier surveys. Food made with oil, fat, or butter was also presented in DHS-IV and DHS-V surveys. Sugary foods, such as chocolates, sweets, candies, pastries, cakes of biscuits were also presented in DHS-V surveys.
Additional variables related to fresh milk, tea and coffee, porridge gruel, and other foods or drinks have been used in older surveys (see v412, v412b, v413a – d, v414a – d, t, u, w), and should be taken into consideration when comparing results with the surveys reports.
DHS-8 surveys report separately on the liquids and foods consumed. For several liquids (i.e. fresh, packaged, or powdered animal milk; yogurt drinks; soy and nut milks; tea, coffee and herbal drinks; and other liquids) consumption is also reported for the sweet/flavored versions of the drink.
DHS-8 Tabulation plan: Tables 11.6 and 11.7
API Indicator IDs:
Breastfeeding children:
CN_FDBF_C_INF, CN_FDBF_C_MLK, CN_FDBF_C_LIQ, CN_FDBF_C_BBY, CN_FDBF_C_GRN, CN_FDBF_C_VTA, CN_FDBF_C_FVG, CN_FDBF_C_RTS, CN_FDBF_C_LEG, CN_FDBF_C_MTF, CN_FDBF_C_EGG, CN_FDBF_C_MFE, CN_FDBF_C_CHS, CN_FDBF_C_OTH, CN_FDBF_C_SLD
Non-breastfeeding children:
CN_FDNB_C_INF, CN_FDNB_C_MLK, CN_FDNB_C_LIQ, CN_FDNB_C_BBY, CN_FDNB_C_GRN, CN_FDNB_C_VTA, CN_FDNB_C_FVG, CN_FDNB_C_RTS, CN_FDNB_C_LEG, CN_FDNB_C_MTF, CN_FDNB_C_EGG, CN_FDNB_C_MFE, CN_FDNB_C_CHS, CN_FDNB_C_OTH, CN_FDNB_C_SLD