1) Percent distribution of households and de jure population by source of drinking water
2) Percentage of households and de jure population using an improved source of drinking water.
3) Percentage of households and de jure population using an unimproved source of drinking water.
4) Percentage of households and de jure population using surface water as the source of drinking water.
Coverage:
Population base:
a) Households (HR file)
b) De jure household population (HR file or PR file)
Time period: Current status at time of survey
Numerators:
1) Number of households or de jure population (HR file: hv012; PR file: hv201 = 1) by source of drinking water (hv201).
2) Number of households or de jure population (HR file: hv012; PR file: hv201 = 1) using an improved source of drinking water (hv201 in 11:14,21,31,41,51,61,62,71):
a) piped into dwelling piped to yard/plot (hv201 in 11, 12)
b) public tap/standpipe (hv201 = 13)
c) piped to neighbor (hv201 = 14)
d) tube well or borehole (hv201 = 21)
e) protected well (hv201 = 31)
f) protected spring (hv201 = 41)
g) rainwater (hv201 = 51)
h) tanker truck, cart with small tank (hv201 in 61, 62)
i) bottled water (hv201 = 71)
3) Number of households or de jure population (HR file: hv012; PR file: hv201 = 1) using an unimproved source of drinking water (hv201 in 32,42,43,96)
a) unprotected well (hv201 = 32)
b) unprotected spring (hv201 = 42)
c) other (hv201 = 96)
4) Number of households or de jure population using surface water (river/dam/lake/pond/stream/canal/irrigation channel) (hv201 = 43)
Denominators:
a) Number of households
b) Number of de jure population (hv012 – see Calculation)
Variables: HR file, PR file.
|
hv012 |
Number of de jure members (if using HR file) |
|
hv102 |
Usual resident (if using PR file) |
|
hv201 |
Source of drinking water |
|
hv005 |
Household sample weight |
Percent distribution of de jure population by source of drinking water can be calculated using the HR file and simply weighting the data by the sample weight (hv005/1000000) multiplied by the number of de jure household members (hv012). Alternatively, the PR file can be used, selecting the de jure members (hv102 = 1) and weighting just by the sample weight (hv005/1000000).
Numerator divided by denominator, multiplied by 100.
Households and de jure population with missing information are included as separate categories.
Drinking water source classifications improved, unimproved, and other are based on those defined by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation during the Millenium Development Goals (MDG) monitoring period.
The standard recode for hv201 includes the following categories of improved and Unimproved water sources:
Improved categories
11 piped into dwelling
12 piped to yard/plot
13 public tap/standpipe
14 piped to neighbor
21 tube well or borehole
31 protected well
41 protected spring
51 rainwater
61 tanker truck
62 cart with small tank
71 bottled water
Unimproved categories
32 unprotected well
42 unprotected spring
43 surface water (river/dam/lake/pond/stream/canal/irrigation channel)
96 other
Note that in the process of creating the new SDG indicators, in 2017, the JMP changed the definition of improved sources of drinking water (see Changes over Time).
Percent distribution adds up to 100 percent.
The improved source category “Piped to neighbor” was introduced in the standard DHS-7 household questionnaire.
In earlier phases of DHS, if a spring or well was not specified as protected, it was considered unimproved.
In DHS-VI, the question on the source of water for cooking and handwashing was not included in the questionnaire, and bottled water was considered an improved source.
During the Millenium Development Goals (MDG) monitoring period, the JMP considered the following to be improved drinking water sources: piped water, public taps/standpipes, boreholes or tube wells, protected dug wells, protected springs, rainwater, and bottled water (if an improved water source was used for cooking and handwashing). The categorization of sources as improved or unimproved was:
· Improved: hv201 in 11:14,21,31,41,51 or (hv201 = 71 & hv202 in 11:14,21,31,41,51,71)
· Unimproved: hv201 in 32,42,43,61,62 or (hv201 = 71 & hv202 not in 11:14,21,31,41,51,71)
· Other source: hv201 = 96
In 2017, the JMP expanded the definition of improved sources to also include packaged or delivered water. As of late 2018, this change has been implemented in DHS surveys. This update has changed the categorization of tanker truck or cart with small tank (both delivered water) to improved sources and also includes all bottled water as an improved source irrespective of the source of water for cooking and handwashing.
World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 2021. Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000‒2020: Five years into the SDGs..
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240030848
World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 2018. JMP Methodology: 2017 Update & SDG Baselines
https://washdata.org/sites/default/files/documents/reports/2018-04/JMP-2017-update-methodology.pdf
World Health Organization. 2018. Global reference list of 100 core health indicators. Geneva: World Health Organization. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/2018-global-reference-list-of-100-core-health-indicators-(-plus-health-related-sdgs)
Core questions on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene for household surveys: 2018 update. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization, 2018.
DHS-8 Tabulation plan: Table 16.1 and Table 16.2
API Indicator IDs:
Households:
Improved sources:
WS_SRCE_H_IMP, WS_SRCE_H_PIP, WS_SRCE_H_PYD, WS_SRCE_H_POY, WS_SRCE_H_TAP, WS_SRCE_H_PNB, WS_SRCE_H_TUB, WS_SRCE_H_PWL, WS_SRCE_H_PSG, WS_SRCE_H_RNW, WS_SRCE_H_TNK, WS_SRCE_H_CRT, WS_SRCE_H_BOT, WS_SRCE_H_VND, WS_SRCE_H_SCH, WS_SRCE_H_FLT
Unimproved sources:
WS_SRCE_H_NIM, WS_SRCE_H_UWU, WS_SRCE_H_UWL, WS_SRCE_H_USU, WS_SRCE_H_USG, WS_SRCE_H_SRF, WS_SRCE_H_OTH
De jure population:
Improved sources:
WS_SRCE_P_IMP, WS_SRCE_P_PIP, WS_SRCE_P_PYD, WS_SRCE_P_POY, WS_SRCE_P_TAP, WS_SRCE_P_PNB, WS_SRCE_P_TUB, WS_SRCE_P_PWL, WS_SRCE_P_PSG, WS_SRCE_P_RNW, WS_SRCE_P_TNK, WS_SRCE_P_CRT, WS_SRCE_P_BOT, WS_SRCE_P_VND, WS_SRCE_P_SCH, WS_SRCE_P_FLT
Unimproved sources:
WS_SRCE_P_NIM, WS_SRCE_P_UWU, WS_SRCE_P_UWL, WS_SRCE_P_USU, WS_SRCE_P_USG, WS_SRCE_P_SRF, WS_SRCE_P_OTH
WHO 100 Core Health Indicators: Population using safely managed drinking water services
MICS6 Indicator WS.1: Use of improved drinking water sources
MICS6 Indicator WS.2: Use of basic drinking water services
SDG 1.4.1 Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services
SDG 6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services
Percent distribution of households and de jure population by round trip time to obtain drinking water.
Coverage:
Population base:
a) Households (HR file)
b) De jure household population (HR file or PR file)
Time period: Current status at time of survey
Numerators:
Number of households or de jure population (HR file: hv012; PR file: hv201 = 1) by round trip time to obtain drinking water:
1) Water on premises (hv204 = 996 or hv204 = 0)
2) 30 minutes or less (hv204 in 1:30)
3) More than 30 minutes (hv204 in 31:900)
Denominators:
a) Number of households
b) Number of de jure population (hv012 – see Calculation)
Variables: HR file, PR file.
|
hv012 |
Number of de jure members (if using HR file) |
|
hv102 |
Usual member (if using PR file) |
|
hv204 |
Time to get to water source (minutes) |
|
hv005 |
Household sample weight |
Percent distribution of de jure population by time to source of drinking water can be calculated using the HR file and simply weighting the data by the sample weight (hv005/1000000) multiplied by the number of de jure household members (hv012). Alternatively, the PR file can be used, selecting the de jure members (hv102 = 1) and weighting just by the sample weight (hv005/1000000).
Numerator divided by denominator, multiplied by 100.
Households and population with a missing or “don’t know” response are included as separate categories.
The time to obtain drinking water is the sum of minutes it takes to go to the water source, the time spent waiting to obtain water, the time collecting the water and the time to return from the water source. The classifications for the time to obtain water are: water on the premises, 30 minutes or less, more than 30 minutes, and don’t know. The classification piped into dwelling/yard/plot includes piped to a neighbor.
Percent distribution adds up to 100 percent.
As part of the SDG period, the JMP has introduced criteria for safely managed, basic, and limited drinking water service that require information on the time required to obtain the drinking water. The classifications for the time to obtain water are: water on the premises (including water with a collection time of zero minutes), a collection time of 30 minutes or less, and a collection time of more than 30 minutes. As of September 2018, this change has been implemented in DHS surveys.
Before September 2018, water on the premises did not include a round trip time of 0 minutes, and round-trip categories were less than 30 minutes, and 30 minutes or more. These categories were changed to 30 minutes or less, and more than 30 minutes.
World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 2021. Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000‒2020: Five years into the SDGs.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240030848
World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 2018. JMP Methodology: 2017 Update & SDG Baselines
https://washdata.org/sites/default/files/documents/reports/2018-04/JMP-2017-update-methodology.pdf
Core questions on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene for household surveys: 2018 update. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization, 2018.
DHS-8 Tabulation plan: Table 16.1.
API Indicator IDs:
Households:
WS_TIME_H_ONP, WS_TIME_H_L30, WS_TIME_H_M30, WS_TIME_H_DKM
De jure population:
WS_TIME_P_ONP, WS_TIME_P_L30, WS_TIME_P_M30, WS_TIME_P_DKM
MICS6 Indicator WS.2: Use of basic drinking water services
SDG 1.4.1 Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services
SDG 6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services