1) Percentage of women and men who know specific methods.
2) Percentage of women and men who know of any method.
3) Percentage of women and men who know any modern method.
4) Percentage of women and men who know any traditional method.
5) Mean number of methods known.
Coverage:
Population base: All women (or men) age 15-49 (IR file, MR file)
Time period: Lifetime of woman (or man) interviewed
Numerators:
Number of women (or men) within each population base who:
1) Specific methods: know (or have heard) of the specific method, whether through a spontaneous response or after describing the method
2) Any method: know of at least one specific method, including self-reported other methods (v304_1 to v304_20 = 1 [or 2])
3) Modern methods: know at least one of the following methods:
a) Female sterilization (tubal ligation, laparotomy, voluntary surgical contraception for women) (v304_6 = 1 [or 2])
b) Male sterilization (vasectomy, voluntary surgical contraception for men) (v304_7 = 1 [or 2])
c) The contraceptive pill (oral contraceptives) (v304_1 = 1 [or 2])
d) Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) (v304_2 = 1 [or 2])
e) Injectables (Depo-Provera) (v304_3 = 1 [or 2])
f) Implants (Norplant) (v304_11 = 1 [or 2])
g) Male condom (prophylactic, rubber) female condom (v304_5 = 1 [or 2])
h) Female condom (v304_14 = 1 [or 2])
i) Diaphragm (v304_4 = 1 [or 2])
j) Contraceptive foam and contraceptive jelly female condom (v304_15 = 1 [or 2])
k) Lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) (v304_13 = 1 [or 2])
l) Standard days method (SDM) (v304_18 = 1 [or 2])
m) Emergency contraception (double dose of contraceptive pill twice in 24 hours for two days) and specific dosage “emergency pills” (v304_16 = 1 [or 2])
n) Country-specific modern methods and other modern contraceptive methods respondent mentioned (including cervical cap, contraceptive sponge, and others) (v304_17 = 1 [or 2]), but does NOT include abortion, menstrual regulation
4) Traditional methods: know at least one of the following methods:
a) Periodic abstinence (rhythm, calendar method) (v304_8 = 1 [or 2])
b) Withdrawal (coitus interruptus) (v304_9 = 1 [or 2])
c) Country-specific traditional methods of proven effectiveness, and folk methods including locally described methods and/or spiritual methods of unproven effectiveness, such as herbs, amulets, gris-gris, etc. (v304_10 = 1 [or 2])
5) Mean number of methods: Sum of the number of methods known for women (or men) in the population base
Denominators:
a) All women
b) Currently married women (v502 = 1)
c) Sexually active unmarried women: Includes women who are not currently married or in a consensual union (single, divorced, widowed, and separated) and who had sexual intercourse within the last 30 days (v502 ≠ 1 & v528 <= 30)
d) All men age 15 -49 (mv012 in 15:49)
e) Currently married men (mv502 = 1)
f) Sexually active unmarried men: Includes men who are not currently married or in a consensual union (single, divorced, widowed, and separated) and who had sexual intercourse within the last 30 days (mv502 ≠ 1 & mv528 <= 30)
Variables: IR file, MR file.
|
v304_1 to _20 |
Knows method (women) |
|
v005 |
Woman’s individual sample weight |
|
mv304_1 to _20 |
Knows method (men) |
|
mv005 |
Man’s individual sample weight |
Within each coverage category, the numerator divided by the denominator, expressed as a percentage. For the mean number of methods known, within each coverage category, the numerator (5 above) is divided by the denominator.
Coverage categorization: Women with unknown or missing marital status are considered never-married.
Missing value in sexual activity is treated as had sexual relations (non-virgin). Missing value in time since last intercourse is treated as greater than 30 days, i.e., not sexually active.
Numerators: Treated as does not know method for individual methods and grouped methods.
Denominators: All women/men in coverage category included, even if missing values on all methods.
Breastfeeding, prolonged breastfeeding, and prolonged abstinence are not considered contraceptive methods in themselves. The lactational amenorrhea method is based on three criteria: Woman is amenorrheic since last birth; last birth occurred within six months; woman is exclusively or predominately breastfeeding. In the DHS description of LAM, the following wording is used: “Up to six months after childbirth, before the menstrual period has returned, women use a method requiring frequent breastfeeding day and night.” This description varies from the official LAM criteria by not including exclusive or predominant breastfeeding (which is based on whether or not the child received complementary liquids and foods), substituting frequency of breastfeeding (it is not a requirement that frequent night-time feeding occurs), and by not including the criterion that the woman knows that another form of contraception is necessary. The DHS description may therefore include women who say yes even though they had never heard of the term LAM or of programs that instruct in the method, thus overestimating knowledge and ever use. Note that the exact description of LAM used when probing for knowledge of LAM has changed from round to round of DHS.
The list of specific methods and their categorization has changed.
In DHS I and II surveys, modern methods included pill, IUD, injection, vaginal methods, condom, female sterilization, and male sterilization. The vaginal methods were included in a single group: diaphragm, foam and jelly. Traditional methods included periodic abstinence (of any kind), withdrawal and all respondent- mentioned other methods.
In DHS III surveys, modern methods included pill, IUD, injection, vaginal methods, condom, female sterilization, male sterilization, and implants. Traditional methods included periodic abstinence or rhythm method (of any kind), withdrawal, and lactational amenorrhea. Folk methods included respondent-mentioned other methods and were categorized separately from traditional methods.
In DHS IV surveys, modern methods included female sterilization, male sterilization, pill, IUD, injection, implants, diaphragm (separately from other vaginal methods), foam or jelly, male condom and female condom, LAM, and emergency contraception. Traditional methods included periodic abstinence or rhythm method (of any kind), and withdrawal. Folk methods included respondent-mentioned other methods and were categorized separately from traditional methods. Note diaphragm was separated from the vaginal methods foam or jelly. Also note that LAM was reclassified as a modern method in DHS IV.
In DHS V surveys, the same list of modern and traditional methods used in DHS IV also applied, but the description of LAM used in the DHS IV questionnaire was removed, and respondents needed to explicitly mention LAM. DHS VI surveys also used the same list of methods as DHS V surveys. In DHS-7 surveys, standard days method was added as a modern method, diaphragm and foam or jelly were removed, and the probe for LAM was reinstated with the current wording.
In early rounds of DHS, traditional and folk methods were tabulated separately, but in later rounds traditional and folk methods have been grouped together under the heading traditional methods.
In the early rounds of DHS, both spontaneous (v304_x = 1) and probed (v304_x = 2) knowledge of contraceptive methods was recorded, but in DHS IV surveys and later rounds no differentiation of knowledge is recorded.
Note that individual surveys may have included different methods in the list of contraceptive methods, and may have categorized certain methods, such as LAM, differently.
Fabic, M.S., and Y Choi. 2013. "Assessing the Quality of Data Regarding Use of the Lactational Amenorrhea Method.” Studies in Family Planning 44(2):205-21.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2013.00353.x
DHS-8 Tabulation plan: Tables 7.1 and 7.2
API Indicator IDs:
Any method:
FP_KMTA_W_ANY, FP_KMTM_W_ANY, FP_KMTU_W_ANY, FP_KMET_W_ANY
FP_KMTA_M_ANY, FP_KMTM_M_ANY, FP_KMTU_M_ANY, FP_KMET_M_ANY
Modern method:
FP_KMTA_W_MOD, FP_KMTM_W_MOD, FP_KMTU_W_MOD, FP_KMET_W_MOD
FP_KMTA_M_MOD, FP_KMTM_M_MOD, FP_KMTU_M_MOD, FP_KMET_M_MOD
Traditional method (including folk method):
FP_KMTA_W_TFK, FP_KMTM_W_TFK, FP_KMTU_W_TFK,
FP_KMTA_M_TFK, FP_KMTM_M_TFK, FP_KMTU_M_TFK
Traditional method (excluding folk method):
FP_KMTA_W_TRA, FP_KMTM_W_TRA, FP_KMTU_W_TRA,
FP_KMTA_M_TRA, FP_KMTM_M_TRA, FP_KMTU_M_TRA
Individual methods (women):
FP_KMTA_W_FST, FP_KMTM_W_FST, FP_KMTU_W_FST,
FP_KMTA_W_MST, FP_KMTM_W_MST, FP_KMTU_W_MST,
FP_KMTA_W_PIL, FP_KMTM_W_PIL, FP_KMTU_W_PIL,
FP_KMTA_W_IUD, FP_KMTM_W_IUD, FP_KMTU_W_IUD,
FP_KMTA_W_INJ, FP_KMTM_W_INJ, FP_KMTU_W_INJ,
FP_KMTA_W_DFJ, FP_KMTM_W_DFJ, FP_KMTU_W_DFJ,
FP_KMTA_W_IMP, FP_KMTM_W_IMP, FP_KMTU_W_IMP,
FP_KMTA_W_MCN, FP_KMTM_W_MCN, FP_KMTU_W_MCN,
FP_KMTA_W_FCN, FP_KMTM_W_FCN, FP_KMTU_W_FCN,
FP_KMTA_W_LAM, FP_KMTM_W_LAM, FP_KMTU_W_LAM,
FP_KMTA_W_EMC, FP_KMTM_W_EMC, FP_KMTU_W_EMC,
FP_KMTA_W_DIA, FP_KMTM_W_DIA, FP_KMTU_W_DIA,
FP_KMTA_W_FOM, FP_KMTM_W_FOM, FP_KMTU_W_FOM,
FP_KMTA_W_MPL, FP_KMTM_W_MPL, FP_KMTU_W_MPL,
FP_KMTA_W_STD, FP_KMTM_W_STD, FP_KMTU_W_STD,
FP_KMTA_W_OMD, FP_KMTM_W_OMD, FP_KMTU_W_OMD,
FP_KMTA_W_RHY, FP_KMTM_W_RHY, FP_KMTU_W_RHY,
FP_KMTA_W_WTH, FP_KMTM_W_WTH, FP_KMTU_W_WTH,
FP_KMTA_W_LTA, FP_KMTM_W_LTA, FP_KMTU_W_LTA,
FP_KMTA_W_BRF, FP_KMTM_W_BRF, FP_KMTU_W_BRF,
FP_KMTA_W_OTR, FP_KMTM_W_OTR, FP_KMTU_W_OTR,
FP_KMTA_W_FLK, FP_KMTM_W_FLK, FP_KMTU_W_FLK
Individual methods (men):
FP_KMTA_M_FST, FP_KMTM_M_FST, FP_KMTU_M_FST,
FP_KMTA_M_MST, FP_KMTM_M_MST, FP_KMTU_M_MST,
FP_KMTA_M_PIL, FP_KMTM_M_PIL, FP_KMTU_M_PIL,
FP_KMTA_M_IUD, FP_KMTM_M_IUD, FP_KMTU_M_IUD,
FP_KMTA_M_INJ, FP_KMTM_M_INJ, FP_KMTU_M_INJ,
FP_KMTA_M_DFJ, FP_KMTM_M_DFJ, FP_KMTU_M_DFJ,
FP_KMTA_M_IMP, FP_KMTM_M_IMP, FP_KMTU_M_IMP,
FP_KMTA_M_MCN, FP_KMTM_M_MCN, FP_KMTU_M_MCN,
FP_KMTA_M_FCN, FP_KMTM_M_FCN, FP_KMTU_M_FCN,
FP_KMTA_M_LAM, FP_KMTM_M_LAM, FP_KMTU_M_LAM,
FP_KMTA_M_EMC, FP_KMTM_M_EMC, FP_KMTU_M_EMC,
FP_KMTA_M_DIA, FP_KMTM_M_DIA, FP_KMTU_M_DIA,
FP_KMTA_M_FOM, FP_KMTM_M_FOM, FP_KMTU_M_FOM,
FP_KMTA_M_MPL, FP_KMTM_M_MPL, FP_KMTU_M_MPL,
FP_KMTA_M_STD, FP_KMTM_M_STD, FP_KMTU_M_STD,
FP_KMTA_M_OMD, FP_KMTM_M_OMD, FP_KMTU_M_OMD,
FP_KMTA_M_RHY, FP_KMTM_M_RHY, FP_KMTU_M_RHY,
FP_KMTA_M_WTH, FP_KMTM_M_WTH, FP_KMTU_M_WTH,
FP_KMTA_M_LTA, FP_KMTM_M_LTA, FP_KMTU_M_LTA,
FP_KMTA_M_BRF, FP_KMTM_M_BRF, FP_KMTU_M_BRF,
FP_KMTA_M_OTR, FP_KMTM_M_OTR, FP_KMTU_M_OTR,
FP_KMTA_M_FLK, FP_KMTM_M_FLK, FP_KMTU_M_FLK